Lub sijhawm pib ntawm chav huv niaj hnub no tau pib hauv kev lag luam tub rog thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog. Xyoo 1920, Tebchaws Meskas tau qhia txog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ib puag ncig huv si thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom gyroscope hauv kev lag luam dav hlau. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov plua plav hauv huab cua ntawm cov iav ntsuas thiab cov kabmob, lawv tau tsim "chaw sib dhos tswj" hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm tsim khoom thiab chaw soj nstuam, cais cov txheej txheem sib dhos ntawm cov kabmob los ntawm lwm qhov chaw tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm thaum tseem muab cov cua lim tas li. Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov thev naus laus zis chav huv xws li cov lim dej hepa tau tsim los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Cov thev naus laus zis no feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tub rog thiab kev ua cov khoom kom ua tiav qhov tseeb, miniaturization, purity siab, zoo, thiab kev ntseeg siab siab. Xyoo 1950, thaum Tsov Rog Kauslim, cov tub rog Asmeskas tau ntsib kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Ntau tshaj 80% ntawm radars tsis ua tiav, yuav luag 50% ntawm cov hydroacoustic positioners tsis ua tiav, thiab 70% ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov tub rog tsis ua tiav. Cov nqi txij nkawm txhua xyoo ntau dua ob npaug ntawm tus nqi qub vim yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv thiab qhov tsis sib xws. Thaum kawg, cov tub rog Asmeskas tau txheeb xyuas qhov ua rau muaj plua plav thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm tsis huv, ua rau cov khoom tsim tawm tsawg. Txawm hais tias muaj kev ntsuas nruj los kaw cov chaw ua haujlwm tsim khoom, qhov teeb meem feem ntau tau daws tau. Kev qhia txog cov lim cua hepa hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm no thaum kawg tau daws qhov teeb meem, cim qhov yug ntawm chav huv niaj hnub.
Thaum xyoo 1950s thaum ntxov, Tebchaws Meskas tau tsim thiab tsim cov lim cua hepa, uas yog thawj qhov kev tshawb pom loj hauv kev siv tshuab chav huv. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tsim ntau chav huv hauv kev lag luam hauv cov tub rog Asmeskas thiab cov chaw tsim khoom satellite, thiab tom qab ntawd, lawv siv dav hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv dav hlau thiab kev tsav nkoj hauv dej hiav txwv, accelerometers, gyroscopes, thiab cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob. Raws li kev siv tshuab chav huv tau nce qib sai hauv Tebchaws Meskas, cov tebchaws tsim kho thoob ntiaj teb kuj tau pib tshawb fawb thiab siv nws. Lawv tau hais tias lub tuam txhab foob pob hluav taws Asmeskas tau pom tias thaum sib sau ua ke cov gyroscopes inertial hauv Purdy lub rooj cob qhia, kev ua haujlwm rov ua dua yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 120 zaug rau txhua 10 units tsim. Thaum sib dhos tau ua tiav hauv ib puag ncig uas muaj kev tswj hwm plua plav, tus nqi ua haujlwm rov ua dua tau txo qis rau tsuas yog ob. Kev sib piv cov gyroscope bearings sib dhos ntawm 1200 rpm hauv ib puag ncig tsis muaj plua plav thiab ib puag ncig plua plav (nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 3μm thiab suav cov khoom me me ntawm 1000 pc / m³) tau qhia txog qhov sib txawv 100 npaug hauv lub neej khoom. Cov kev paub txog kev tsim khoom no tau qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev ntxuav huab cua hauv kev lag luam tub rog thiab ua lub zog tsav tsheb rau kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis huab cua huv thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Kev siv cov thev naus laus zis huab cua huv hauv tub rog feem ntau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm thiab lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm riam phom. Los ntawm kev tswj hwm kev huv ntawm huab cua, cov kab mob me me, thiab lwm yam khoom tsis huv, thev naus laus zis huab cua huv muab ib puag ncig zoo rau riam phom, ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom tsim tau zoo, txhim kho kev tsim khoom, tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab ua raws li cov cai. Ntxiv mus, thev naus laus zis huab cua huv siv dav hauv cov chaw tub rog thiab cov chaw kuaj mob kom ntseeg tau tias cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom siv ua haujlwm raug.
Qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tsov rog thoob ntiaj teb tab tom txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam tub rog. Kev lag luam uas nthuav dav sai no xav tau ib puag ncig tsim khoom zoo, txawm tias rau kev txhim kho qhov huv ntawm cov khoom siv raw, kev ua thiab kev sib dhos, lossis txhim kho kev ntseeg tau thiab lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv tiav. Cov kev xav tau siab dua tau muab tso rau ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom, xws li miniaturization, kev raug siab, kev huv siab, zoo, thiab kev ntseeg siab siab. Ntxiv mus, cov thev naus laus zis tsim khoom siab dua, qhov siab dua qhov kev xav tau kev huv rau ib puag ncig tsim khoom.
Cov thev naus laus zis hauv chav huv feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam tub rog hauv kev tsim thiab kev saib xyuas cov dav hlau, cov nkoj ua rog, cov foob pob hluav taws, thiab cov riam phom nuclear, nrog rau kev siv thiab kev saib xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog. Cov thev naus laus zis hauv chav huv ua kom muaj qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv tub rog thiab qhov huv ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom los ntawm kev tswj cov pa phem hauv huab cua xws li cov khoom me me, huab cua txaus ntshai, thiab cov kab mob me me, yog li txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev ntseeg siab.
Cov ntawv thov chav huv hauv kev ua tub rog feem ntau suav nrog kev ua haujlwm raug, kev tsim cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, thiab aerospace. Hauv kev ua haujlwm raug, chav huv muab ib puag ncig ua haujlwm tsis muaj plua plav thiab huv, ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov tseeb thiab zoo ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Piv txwv li, Apollo lub hli tsaws qhov kev pab cuam xav tau cov qib kev huv siab heev rau kev ua haujlwm raug thiab cov cuab yeej tswj hwm hluav taws xob, qhov twg cov thev naus laus zis chav huv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, chav huv ua kom txo qis qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov thev naus laus zis chav huv kuj tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam aerospace. Thaum lub sijhawm Apollo lub hli tsaws, tsis yog tsuas yog kev ua haujlwm raug thiab cov cuab yeej tswj hwm hluav taws xob xav tau ib puag ncig huv heev, tab sis cov thawv thiab cov cuab yeej siv los coj rov qab cov pob zeb lunar kuj yuav tsum ua tau raws li cov qauv kev huv siab heev. Qhov no ua rau kev txhim kho laminar flow technology thiab Class 100 cleanroom. Hauv kev tsim cov dav hlau, kev ua tsov rog, thiab cov foob pob hluav taws, chav huv kuj ua kom muaj kev tsim cov khoom siv raug thiab txo cov kev ua tsis tiav ntsig txog plua plav.
Cov thev naus laus zis hauv chav huv kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev kho mob tub rog, kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb, thiab lwm yam teb kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv thiab kev sim raug thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv qab qhov xwm txheej hnyav. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm thev naus laus zis, cov qauv thiab cov khoom siv hauv chav huv tau hloov kho tas li, thiab lawv daim ntawv thov hauv tub rog tab tom nthuav dav.
Hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev saib xyuas cov riam phom nuclear, ib puag ncig huv si tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob radioactive thiab xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom. Kev saib xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob: Hauv qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua, chav huv si yog siv los tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tiv thaiv cov hmoov av thiab cov dej noo kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Kev tsim khoom siv kho mob: Hauv kev kho mob tub rog, chav huv si xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom siv kho mob tsis muaj kab mob thiab txhim kho nws txoj kev nyab xeeb.
Cov foob pob hluav taws intercontinental, ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws cov tub rog tseem ceeb, lawv cov kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ntseeg tau muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ruaj ntseg hauv teb chaws thiab kev tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, kev tswj kev huv yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim thiab tsim cov foob pob hluav taws. Kev huv tsis txaus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov khoom foob pob hluav taws, cuam tshuam rau lawv qhov tseeb, kev ruaj khov, thiab lub neej ntev. Kev huv siab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li lub cav foob pob hluav taws thiab cov txheej txheem kev taw qhia, kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws ruaj khov. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias kev huv ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws intercontinental, cov chaw tsim khoom siv ntau yam kev tswj kev huv, suav nrog kev siv chav huv, cov rooj zaum huv, cov khaub ncaws huv, thiab kev ntxuav thiab kuaj xyuas ib puag ncig ntawm kev tsim khoom.
Chav huv si raug faib ua pawg raws li lawv qib kev huv, nrog rau cov qib qis dua qhia txog qib kev huv si ntau dua. Cov qib chav huv si feem ntau suav nrog: Chav Kawm 100 chav huv si, feem ntau siv rau hauv cov chaw uas xav tau kev huv si siab heev, xws li cov chaw kuaj mob biological. Chav Kawm 1000 chav huv si, tsim nyog rau cov chaw uas xav tau kev debugging thiab kev tsim khoom siab thaum lub sijhawm tsim foob pob intercontinental; Chav Kawm 10000 chav huv si, siv rau hauv cov chaw tsim khoom uas xav tau kev huv si siab, xws li kev sib dhos ntawm cov khoom siv hydraulic lossis pneumatic. Chav Kawm 10000 chav huv si, tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej siv precision dav dav.
Kev tsim ICBM xav tau chav huv Class 1000. Kev huv ntawm huab cua yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm tsim thiab tsim cov ICBM, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov khoom siv siab, xws li laser thiab chip manufacturing, uas feem ntau xav tau Class 10000 lossis Class 1000 ultra-clean environments. Kev tsim ICBM kuj xav tau cov khoom siv chav huv, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw ntawm cov roj muaj zog siab, cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, thiab kev tsim khoom raug. Ua ntej, cov roj muaj zog siab siv hauv ICBMs tso cov kev cai nruj rau ib puag ncig huv. Kev tsim cov roj muaj zog siab xws li NEPE roj khov (NEPE, luv rau Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), cov roj khov muaj zog siab nrog lub zog theoretical tshwj xeeb ntawm 2685 N·s/kg (sib npaug rau 274 vib nas this). Cov roj propellant no tau pib thaum xyoo 1970s thiab tau tsim los ntawm Hercules Corporation hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1980s, nws tau tshwm sim ua cov roj nitramine tshiab. Nrog nws lub zog ceev heev, nws tau dhau los ua lub zog siab tshaj plaws hauv cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem rau kev siv dav thoob ntiaj teb.) yuav tsum tau tswj hwm kev huv ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom kom tiv thaiv cov khoom tsis huv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm roj. Chav huv yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov tshuab lim cua zoo thiab kho, suav nrog hepa cua (HEPA) thiab ultra-hepa cua (ULPA) lim dej, kom tshem tawm cov khoom me me hauv huab cua, cov kab mob me me, thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg. Cov kiv cua thiab cov tshuab cua txias yuav tsum tswj qhov kub thiab txias, av noo, thiab cua ntws kom ntseeg tau tias huab cua zoo ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Hom roj no tso cov kev xav tau siab heev rau kev tsim cov duab noob (kev tsim cov duab noob yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim lub cav foob pob hluav taws, cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ua haujlwm cav thiab kev ntseeg siab. Cov noob geometry thiab kev xaiv qhov loj me yuav tsum xav txog ntau yam, suav nrog lub sijhawm ua haujlwm cav, lub siab ntawm chav sib xyaw, thiab lub zog) thiab cov txheej txheem casting. Ib puag ncig huv si ua kom muaj kev ruaj khov roj thiab kev nyab xeeb.
Qhov thib ob, cov plhaub sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws intercontinental kuj xav tau cov khoom siv huv. Thaum cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke xws li carbon fiber thiab aramid fiber raug xaws rau hauv lub plhaub cav, cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb thiab cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv muaj zog thiab sib dua. Ib puag ncig huv si txo qhov ua qias tuaj thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv tsis raug cuam tshuam. Ntxiv mus, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom meej ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws intercontinental kuj xav tau cov khoom siv huv si. Cov txheej txheem kev taw qhia, kev sib txuas lus, thiab cov roj propellant hauv cov foob pob hluav taws txhua yam xav tau kev tsim khoom thiab sib dhos hauv ib puag ncig huv si kom tiv thaiv cov hmoov av thiab cov khoom tsis huv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.
Hauv kev xaus lus, cov khoom siv huv si yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws intercontinental. Nws ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov roj, cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov txheej txheem, yog li txhim kho kev ntseeg tau thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm tag nrho cov foob pob hluav taws.
Cov ntawv thov chav huv si txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws thiab kuj siv dav hauv tub rog, aerospace, biological laboratories, kev tsim chips, flat-panel display manufacturing, thiab lwm yam. Nrog rau kev tshwm sim tas mus li ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb computer, biology, thiab biochemistry, nrog rau kev txhim kho sai ntawm cov lag luam high-tech, kev lag luam engineering chav huv si thoob ntiaj teb tau txais kev siv dav dav thiab kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb. Thaum kev lag luam chav huv si ntsib teeb meem, nws kuj muaj ntau lub cib fim. Kev vam meej hauv kev lag luam no yog nyob rau hauv kev ua raws li kev nce qib ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab teb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua lag luam.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Cuaj hlis-25-2025